POLITICAL DERIVATIVES AND VARIABLES

POLITICAL DERIVATIVES AND VARIABLES

POLITICS

General

1. Politics (pols) is a multifaceted word. It has a set of fairly specific meanings that are descriptive and nonjudgmental such as 'the art or science of govt' and 'pol principles', but often does carry a connotation of dishonest malpractice. The word has been used negatively for many years like the British national anthem as published in 1745 calls on God to 'Confound their pols', and the phrase 'play politics, for ex, has been in use since at least 1853, when abolitionist Wendell Phillips declared - 'We do not play pols; anti slavery is no halfjest with us.'

What is Pols

2. Pols is derived from the Greek words 'Polis' which means community and 'Poli' meaning many. Pols can be defined as the laws, methods and practices of group which makes decisions. Pols refers to the conflicts within orgs over issues of leadership, structures and policies. Although politics involves many different activities, there are underlying patterns or 'principles' that help us to categorize and understand pols better. 

3. Pol scientist Harold Lasswell defined pol as 'Who gets what, when, and how'. Related areas of study incl pol philosophy, which seeks a rationale for pols and an ethic of public (pub) behaviour, as well as examining the preconditions for the formation of pol communities. Pol economy which attempts to develop (dev) understandings of the relationships between pols and the economy and the governance of the two; and pub admin which examines the practices of governance. 

4. Wiktionary defines 'pols" also as "Pol maneuvers or diplomacy between people, gps, or orgs, esp involving power, influence or conflict'. To be successful with pols an individual has to be polite, woo the crowd, be a nice guy. Rude and hostile people in such environment are quickly marginalized and shut up.

5. The philosopher Charles Blattberg who has defined pols as 'responding to conflict with dialogue,' offers an account which distinguishes pol philosophies from pol ideologies.

Pol Principles

6. A being is any entity possessing life, sentience, or intelligent volition, and are the only entities that have rights. There are two classes of beings: persons and organisms. A person is any intelligent being with significant volitional control over how it affects other beings.

Principles of Pols 

7. Principles of pols are appended below:

A. Rationality Principle. The Rationality Principle holds that all pol behavior has a purpose and that people tend to be goal oriented in their pol activities as they make instrumental choices about how to act. 

B. Institution Principle. The Institution Principle recognizes that pol institutions provide incentives for pol behavior, thereby shaping and structuring pols. Institutional rules and procedures are consequential for political outcomes. 

C Collective Act Principle. The Collective Act Principle refers to the idea that, although all pols is collective act, getting people to act in concert is difficult. Thus, political action often involves both formal and informal bargaining, along with other efforts to overcome the obstacles to collective action. 

D. Policy Principle. The Policy Principle holds that pol outcomes are the products of individual preferences and institutional procedures. 

E. History Principle. The History Principle reminds us that how we got here matters. Pol circumstances and outcomes are understood to influence existing rules and procedures, pol loyalties and alliances and pol viewpoints and perspectives. 

Pol Philosophy

8. Pol philosophy also known as pol theory, is the study of topics such as politics, liberty, justice, property, rights, law, and the enforcement of laws by authority: what they are, why they are needed, what, if anything, makes a government legitimate, what rights and freedoms it should protect and why, what form it should take and why, what the law is, and what duties citizens owe to a legitimate govt, if any, and when it may be legitimately overthrown, if ever. 

Diff Between Pol Philosophy and Pol Science

9. Pol philosophy is based on 'ideas'. It deals with the essence of life the basic idea behind everything. So basically pol philosophy deals with the essence or ideas. It had normative approach ie what ought to be rather what it is. Were as, pol science has more proclivity towards functionalist approach use of common sense. Aristotle also the father of pol science thinks it is imposs to deal with perfection what Plato thinks and it is better to be moderate and have practical approach. Pol philosophy could be said as sub field of pol science. Philosophy deals with theoretical aspects like liberty, justice, equality etc. Pol Science however focus on both empirical and theoretical aspects.

Pol Ideology 

10. In Social Studies, A pol ideology is a certain set of ethical ideals, principles, doctrines, myths or symbols of a social movement, institution, class or large group (gp) that explains how society should work and offers some pol and cultural blueprint for a certain social order. A pol ideology largely concerns itself with how to allocate power and to what ends it should be used. Some pol parties fol a certain ideology very closely while others may take broad inspiration from a gp of related ideologies without specifically embracing any one of them. 

Concept of Pol Ideology 

11. Pol ideology is a term fraught with probs, having been called 'the most elusive concept in the whole of social science'. However ideologies tend to identify themselves by their position on the pol spectrum though this is very often controversial. Finally, ideologies can be distinguished from pol strategies and from single issues that a party may be built around.

Dimensions of Pol Ideologies 

12. Pol ideologies have two dimensions as fols:
A. Goals. How society should be organized.
B Methods. The most appropriate way to achieve this goal.

Pol View

13. All pol views depend on the rationale, logic and beliefs of the observer and the citizens of it. Where one ideal govt or pol view may be good for some people and perfectly logical, It may still fail due to the inherent disagreement with the citizens that reside in it. Which can lead to ruining the main premise of said pol view. 

Categories of Pol Views 

14. Pol Views can basically be broken down into 2 (two) categories that is Economic and Social. Economic views have to do with how you believe the economy should function. Social views have to do with how much you believe the govt should interfere in everyday life of its citizens. 

Pol Discourse 

15. Pol discourse is predisposed to become uncivil because it generally takes place between ppl who do not share this relational nature. This is why pol discussions are often taboo in family circles and among friends. Instead, these discussions take place on social media and in public forums where ppl meet absent of any history. And in these scenarios, changing the minds of participants becomes almost meaningless or at least unpractical. While convincing may seem to be the formal reason for the discussion, neither participant participates in a way that would promote this outcome.

Pol Rudeness 

16. Politeness or Rudeness. Rudeness in public life is not new and gives guaranteed headlines. Pol rudeness occurs when ppl in the pol arena and that includes the press do something that is embarrassing because it violates the customs of pols in so far as those customs are essential to carrying on democratic pol and so is different from the rudeness that occurs in everyday life where by ppl who are rude violate customs of etiquette, such as by making a pass at a friend’s wife, or not tipping the waiter, which allow ordinary social life to be stable and mutually satisfying. 

Pol Corruption

17. Pol Corruption. Pol corruption is the use of legislated powers by govt officials for illegitimate pte gain. Misuse of govt power for other purposes, such as repression of pol opponents and gen police brutality, is not considered pol corruption. Neither are illegal acts by pte persons or corporations not directly involved with the govt. An illegal act by an office holder constitutes pol corruption only if the act is directly related to their official duties and/or power.

18. Forms of Corruption. Forms of corruption vary, but incl corruption, extortion, cronyism, nepotism, patronage, graft, and embezzlement. While corruption may facilitate criminal enterprise such as drug trafficking, money laundering and trafficking, it is not restricted to these activities. The activities that constitute illegal corruption differ depending on the country or jurisdiction. For instance, certain pol funding practices that are legal in one place may be illegal in another. In some cases, govt officials have broad or poorly defined powers, which make it difficult to distinguish between legal and illegal actions. Worldwide, bribery alone is estimated to involve over 1 trillion US dollars annually. A state of unrestrained pol corruption is known as a kleptocracy, literally meaning 'Rule By Thieves'.

Pol Globalization

19. Globalization. Global pols incl different practices of pol globalization in relation to ques of social power from global patterns of governance to issues of globalizing conflict. The 20th century witnessed the outcome of two world wars and not only the rise and fall of the Third Reich but also the rise and relative fall of communism. The development of the atomic bomb gave the United States a more rapid end to its conflict in Japan in World War II. Later, the hydrogen bomb became the ultimate weapon of mass destruction. Global politics also concerns the rise of global and intl orgs. The United Nations has served as a forum for peace in a world threatened by nuclear war, "The invention of nuclear and space wpns has made war unacceptable as an instrument for achieving political ends. Although an allout final nuclear holocaust is radically undesirable for man, "nuclear blackmail" comes into ques not only on the issue of world peace but also on the issue of natl sovereignty. According to political science professor Paul James, global politics is affected by values, norms of human rights, ideas of human development and beliefs such as cosmopolitanism about how we should relate to each.

20. Cosmopolitanism. Cosmopolitanism can be defined as a global politics that, firstly, projects a sociality of common pol engagement among all human beings across the planet and, secondly, suggests that this sociality should be either ethically or organizationally privileged over other forms of sociality.

Pol Parties

21. A pol party is a pol org that typically seeks to attain and maintain pol power within govt, usually by participating in electoral campaigns, educational outreach or protest actions. Parties often espouse an expressed ideology or vision bolstered by a written platform with specific goals, forming a coalition among disparate interests.

Pol Activities

22. Making Decisions. Pols is the process of making decisions that apply to members of a group. It refers to achieving and exercising posns of governance like organized control over a human community particularly a state. The academic study focusing on just pols which is therefore more targeted than all Pol Science, is sometimes referred to as Politology. In modern nation states, people have formed pol parties to represent their ideas, thoughts and opinions. They agree to take the same position on many issues and agree to support the same changes to law and the same leaders.

23. Election. An election is usually a competition between different parties. Pols is a multifaceted word. It has a set of fairly specific meanings that are descriptive and nonjudgmental but often does carry a connotation of dishonest malpractice. The word has been used negatively for many years like the phrases used as to 'Confound Their Politics', 'Play Politics', etc.

Methods in Pols 

24. Methods. A variety of methods are deployed in pols, which incl promoting one's own pol views among people, negotiation with other pol subjs, making laws, and exercising force, incl warfare against adversaries. Pols is exercised on a wide range of social levels, from clans and tribes of traditional societies through modern local govts, coys and institutions up to sovereign states, to the intl level.

Classifications

25. Formal Pols. It is very often said that pols is about power. A pol sys is a framework which defines acceptable pol methods within a given society. Formal pols refers to the op of a constitutional sys of govt and publicly defined institutions and procedures. Pol parties, public policy or discussions about war and foreign affairs would fall under the category of Formal Politics. Many people view formal politics as something outside of themselves but that can still affect their daily lives.

26. Informal Pols. Informal pols is understood as forming alliances, exercising power and protecting and advancing particular ideas or goals. Generally, this incls anything affecting one's daily life, such as the way an office or household is managed, or how one person or group exercises influence over another. Informal Pols is typically understood as everyday pols, hence the idea that "pol is everywhere".

Themes

27. Forms of Pol Org. There are many forms of pol org, incl states, non-govt orgS (NGOs) and intl orgs such as the United Nations (UN). States are perhaps the predominant institutional form of pol governance where a state is understood as an institution and a govt is understood as the regime in power.

28. Sovereign State. All states are varieties of a single org form, the sovereign state. All the great powers of the modern world rule on the principle of sovereignty. Sovereign power may be vested on an individual as in an autocratic government or it may be vested on a gp as in a constitutional govt. Constitutions are written documents that specify and limit the powers of the different branches of govt. Although a constitution is a written document, there is also an unwritten constitution. The unwritten constitution is continually being written by the legislative branch of govt. This just one of those cases in which the nature of the circumstances determines the form of govt that is most appr.

Concl

29. Pol is the process of making decisions that apply to members of a gp. It refers to achieving and ex positions of governance organized control over a human community, particularly a state. The academic study focusing on just politics, which is therefore more targeted than all Political science, is sometimes referred to as Politology. In modern nation states, people have formed political parties to represent their ideas. They agree to take the same position on many issues...

Great Political Quotes

Mankind has tried the other two roads to peace - the road of political jealousy and the road of religious bigotry - and found them both equally misleading. Perhaps it will now try the third, the road of scientific truth, the only road on which the passenger is not deceived. Science does not, ostrich-like, bury its head amidst perils and difficulties. It tries to see everything exactly as everything is. (Professor Garrett P. Serves).

.. by nature man is a political animal. Hence men have a desire for life together, even when they have no need to seek each other’s help. Nevertheless, common interest too is a factor in bringing them together, in so far as it contributes to the good life of each. The good life is indeed their chief end, both communally and individually; but they form and continue to maintain a political association for the sake of life itself. Perhaps we may say that there is an element of good even in mere living, provided that life is not excessively beset with troubles. Certainly most men, in their desire to keep alive, are prepared to face a great deal of suffering, as if finding in life itself a certain well-being and a natural sweetness. (Aristotle, Politics)

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